![]() ![]() This model includes a ‘central executive’ to control attention and to manage information in verbal and visuospatial buffers. Over the past 30 years, several cognitive models of working memory have been proposed, the most influential of which is Baddeley’s model of working memory (e.g. ![]() ![]() Working memory refers to the retention and processing of information that is just experienced but no longer available in the external environment, or to information retrieved from long-term memory 32, 33. The same network of interacting areas involved in action word perception and comprehension has been suggested to also be relevant and critical for the semantic maintenance of action words in working memory. Together, these results suggest a causal meaning-dependent influence of motor systems on action language processing and lead to the hypothesis that a network of interacting areas contributes to both action-semantics and symbolic-linguistic processes for the perception and comprehension of action-related words the contribution of motor areas has been proposed to be crucial because it provides the necessary semantic grounding of the linguistic symbols in bodily action 1, 29 (for alternative views, see 30, 31). Additionally, dysfunction of motor systems found with focal cortical damage or more widespread progressive disease impairs the processing of action words and concepts 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, but see 27 for different results in a case study of a patient with impaired action execution and see 28 for results implicating posterior temporal cortex in action representation. For example, stimulating the motor cortex using TMS modulates the recognition of semantically-specific types of action words 8, 10 and motor movement can interfere with or facilitate action word processing and memory 11, 15, 16, 17 (but see 18) just as the processing of action related words and sentences can interfere with or assist motor movement 19, 20. The reverse functional link between action and language systems is shown by behavioural and TMS studies in which motor system activity modulates the processing of action words 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. This recognition of action words is accompanied by the instantaneous neurophysiological activation of motor systems 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. When reading and listening to action words, we automatically think of the respective action. These findings support a neurocomputational model of distributed action-perception circuits (APCs), according to which language understanding is manifest as full ignition of APCs, whereas working memory is realized as reverberant activity receding to multimodal prefrontal and lateral temporal areas. Somatotopic memory load effects of arm- and leg-related words were observed, but only at more anterior cortical regions than was found in earlier studies employing passive reading tasks. Results show that verbal memory maintenance in the high-load condition produced greater activation in left premotor and supplementary motor cortex, along with posterior-parietal areas, indicating that verbal memory circuits for action-related words include the cortical action system. Seventeen participants saw either four identical or four different words from the same category (arm-/leg-related action words) then performed a nonmatching-to-sample task. This study examined brain correlates of verbal memory load for action-related words using event-related fMRI. ![]() Additionally, motor movements of the hands/feet can have a causal effect on memory maintenance of action words, suggesting that the involvement of motor systems extends to working memory. This activation is sensitive to semantic information such as the body part used to perform the action (e.g. Understanding language semantically related to actions activates the motor cortex. ![]()
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